SEO + GEO GLOSSARY

The search dictionary, in plain English.

100 terms across SEO, GEO and technical search, defined the way I would explain them to a client. No jargon for the sake of jargon.

SEO

34

Anchor Text

Anchor text is the visible, clickable words of a hyperlink. Search engines read it as a label for the destination page, so the words you choose help define what the linked page is about.

Average Position

Average position is the mean ranking spot your page held across all the search appearances in a given period. It rolls up many rankings into a single number, which makes it useful for trends but easy to misread.

Backlink

A backlink is a link from one website to another. Search engines treat each backlink as a vote of confidence, which is why backlinks are one of the strongest signals of authority and ranking power.

Bounce Rate

Bounce rate is the percentage of visitors who land on a page and leave without taking any further action or visiting another page. It is a behavior metric that hints at whether a page satisfied the people who arrived, though it needs careful interpretation.

Breadcrumb

A breadcrumb is the small trail of links that shows where a page sits in your site's hierarchy, like Home, then Category, then Subcategory, then the page itself. It helps users orient themselves and helps search engines understand how your site is organized.

Click-Through Rate (CTR)

Click-through rate is the percentage of people who click your result after seeing it in search. You calculate it by dividing clicks by impressions, and it tells you how compelling your listing is once you have earned a spot on the page.

Disavow

Disavowing is telling Google to ignore specific backlinks pointing to your site when it assesses your rankings. You submit a file of domains or URLs through the Disavow Tool in Search Console, and Google treats those links as if they do not exist.

Dofollow

Dofollow is the informal name for a normal link that passes ranking credit to its destination. There is no actual dofollow attribute in HTML; any link without a nofollow, sponsored, or ugc tag is dofollow by default.

Domain Authority

Domain Authority is a third-party score that predicts how well an entire website might rank in search. It is a comparative metric, not a Google ranking factor, useful for sizing up sites at a glance.

Dwell Time

Dwell time is how long a visitor stays on your page after clicking it in search before returning to the results. It is read as a signal of whether the page satisfied the searcher, though it is not a metric Google publishes directly.

External Link

An external link is a link that points from your site to a page on a different website. Used well, external links add credibility and context for readers and search engines alike.

Featured Snippet

A featured snippet is the boxed answer Google pulls to the very top of the results, above the regular listings, to directly answer a query. It is selected automatically from a page that already ranks, and it is the closest thing there is to position zero.

Googlebot

Googlebot is the automated crawler Google uses to discover and read pages across the web. It follows links, fetches your content, and passes it along for indexing, which makes it the first gatekeeper your pages must satisfy to ever rank.

Guest Posting

Guest posting is writing an article for someone else's website, usually in exchange for a byline and a link back to your own site. Done well, it earns relevant backlinks and exposure; done badly, it is a spam tactic search engines penalize.

Impressions

An impression is counted each time one of your pages appears in someone's search results, whether or not they click it. Impressions measure your visibility and reach in search, and they are the denominator behind click-through rate.

Internal Link

An internal link is a link from one page on your site to another page on the same site. It helps users navigate and helps search engines discover, understand, and rank your pages.

JSON-LD

JSON-LD is the format Google recommends for adding structured data to a page. You write a self-contained block of JavaScript Object Notation that describes your content, drop it into the HTML, and search engines read it without you ever touching your visible markup.

Keyword

A keyword is the word or phrase a person types into a search engine to find something. In SEO, it is the query you want your page to show up for, and the unit you build content and strategy around.

Knowledge Panel

A knowledge panel is the information box Google shows on the right side of the results, or at the top on mobile, for a recognized person, brand, place, or thing. It is built from Google's Knowledge Graph, not directly from any single web page you control.

Link Bait

Link bait is content created specifically to attract backlinks, by being so useful, surprising, or shareable that other sites want to link to it on their own. Done well, it earns links naturally instead of begging for them.

Link Equity

Link equity is the ranking value that passes from one page to another through a link. Often called link juice, it is the modern, practical way to describe how authority flows across the web.

Link Farm

A link farm is a group of websites created for the sole purpose of linking to each other or to client sites, to artificially inflate backlink counts. Search engines treat link farms as manipulation and penalize sites involved with them.

Nofollow

Nofollow is a link attribute that tells search engines not to pass ranking credit through that link. You add rel="nofollow" to a link when you do not want to endorse the destination or do not want to vouch for it with your own site's authority.

Organic Traffic

Organic traffic is the visitors who reach your site by clicking an unpaid search result. It is the traffic you earn through SEO rather than buy through ads, and it is the metric most SEO work is ultimately trying to grow.

Orphan Page

An orphan page is a page on your site that has no internal links pointing to it from any other page. Because crawlers find pages by following links, orphan pages are hard to discover, often go unindexed, and rarely rank.

Page Authority

Page Authority is a third-party score predicting how well a single page might rank, as opposed to the whole site. Like Domain Authority, it is a useful estimate, not a Google ranking factor.

PageRank

PageRank is Google's original algorithm for measuring a page's importance based on the links pointing to it. It treats each link as a vote and weighs votes by the importance of the linking page.

People Also Ask

People Also Ask, or PAA, is the expandable box of related questions Google inserts into the results. Each question opens to reveal a short answer lifted from a web page, and clicking one usually generates even more questions below it.

Rich Snippet

A rich snippet is a standard search result that has been upgraded with extra visual detail, such as star ratings, prices, images, or FAQ dropdowns. You earn it by adding structured data that Google trusts enough to display in the listing.

Search Engine

A search engine is a system that finds, organizes, and ranks web content so it can answer queries with the most relevant results. Google is the dominant one, and understanding how a search engine works is the foundation of all SEO.

SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

SEO is the practice of improving a website so it earns more visibility in unpaid search results. You optimize content, structure, and authority so search engines rank your pages and people click them.

SERP (Search Engine Results Page)

A SERP is the page a search engine shows after you type a query. It is the mix of organic results, ads, and features like snippets and maps that compete for the searcher's attention and click.

SERP Features

SERP features are the special result types Google adds to a results page beyond the standard blue links, like featured snippets, the People Also Ask box, image packs, and local map results. They change how much attention any single ranking actually earns.

Structured Data

Structured data is a standardized way to label the content on your page so search engines understand what each part actually means, not just what words it contains. You add it in the background, and it powers rich results, knowledge panels, and increasingly the answers AI engines pull from your site.

Content

16

Alt Text

Alt text is the written description you attach to an image so it can be understood when the image cannot be seen. It serves screen-reader users first, gives search engines context second, and shows up if the image fails to load.

Content Cluster

A content cluster is a group of related pages built around one core topic, with supporting articles linking up to a central pillar page. The structure helps you cover a subject thoroughly and signals topical authority to search engines.

Content Freshness

Content freshness is how recently a page was created or meaningfully updated, and how much that recency matters for a given query. For some searches it is a real ranking factor; for others it barely matters.

Evergreen Content

Evergreen content is content that stays relevant and useful long after it is published, instead of going stale within weeks. It keeps drawing traffic for years because the topic itself does not expire.

H1 Tag

An H1 is the main on-page heading, the HTML element that names what the page is about for both readers and search engines. It is the visible headline at the top of your content, and most pages should have exactly one.

Information Gain

Information gain is the unique, additional value a page adds beyond what already ranks for a query. The more new, useful information your page contributes that competitors do not, the more reason a search engine has to rank it.

Keyword Difficulty

Keyword difficulty is a score, usually 0 to 100, that estimates how hard it is to rank on page one for a given term. SEO tools calculate it mostly from the strength of the pages already ranking, so it is a guide, not gospel.

Long-Tail Keyword

A long-tail keyword is a longer, more specific search phrase, usually three or more words, that has lower volume but clearer intent. It is easier to rank for and tends to convert better, because the searcher knows exactly what they want.

Meta Description

A meta description is the short HTML snippet that summarizes a page and often appears as the gray text under your title in search results. It does not directly raise rankings, but a sharp one raises click-through, which is why you still write it on purpose.

Pagination

Pagination is the practice of splitting a large set of content across multiple numbered pages, like page 1, 2, and 3 of a blog archive or product listing. Handled well it aids navigation and crawling; handled badly it buries content.

Pillar Page

A pillar page is the central, comprehensive page that anchors a content cluster, covering a core topic broadly and linking out to the supporting pages that cover each subtopic in depth. It is the hub the rest of the topic connects to.

Search Intent

Search intent is the goal behind a query, the reason a person typed it into the search bar. Matching that intent is the foundation of ranking, because Google's whole job is to serve the result that satisfies what the searcher actually wanted.

Search Volume

Search volume is the estimated number of times people search a given keyword in a set period, usually shown as a monthly average. It signals demand, but it is an estimate, and high volume does not automatically mean high value.

Semantic Search

Semantic search is a search engine's ability to understand the meaning and intent behind a query, not just the literal keywords. It interprets context, synonyms, and relationships so it can return results that match what you meant.

Title Tag

A title tag is the HTML element that sets the clickable headline a page shows in search results and at the top of the browser tab. It is one of the strongest on-page signals you control, and it is the first thing a searcher reads before deciding whether to click.

URL Slug

A URL slug is the part of a web address that identifies a specific page, the readable text after the domain. A clean, descriptive slug helps both readers and search engines understand what a page is about.

Technical

32

301 Redirect

A 301 redirect is a server response that permanently sends both users and search engines from an old URL to a new one. It passes ranking signals to the destination and is the standard way to move a page for good.

302 Redirect

A 302 redirect is a server response that temporarily sends users and crawlers to a different URL while signaling that the original is expected to return. It is meant for temporary moves, not permanent ones.

404 Error

A 404 error is the HTTP status a server returns when a requested URL does not exist. It tells users and crawlers the page was not found, which is normal for genuinely removed pages but harmful when it hits pages that should exist.

410 Gone

A 410 Gone is an HTTP status code that tells search engines a page has been permanently and deliberately removed, with no replacement coming. It is a stronger deletion signal than a 404, and engines tend to drop 410 pages from the index faster.

500 Internal Server Error

A 500 Internal Server Error is an HTTP status code that means the server hit a problem it could not handle and failed to deliver the page. It is a server-side failure, not a missing page, and a wave of them can quietly hurt your crawling and rankings.

Canonical Tag

A canonical tag is an HTML element that tells search engines which version of a page is the preferred one when several URLs hold the same or very similar content. It consolidates duplicate signals onto one URL.

Core Web Vitals

Core Web Vitals are a set of Google metrics that measure how a real page feels to load, respond, and stay stable in the browser. They are the part of Google's page experience signals that you can actually measure and move.

Crawl Budget

Crawl budget is the number of pages a search engine is willing and able to crawl on your site within a given timeframe. It matters most for large sites, where wasted crawling means important pages get fetched late or not at all.

Crawling

Crawling is the process search engines use to discover pages on the web by following links and fetching URLs with automated bots. If a page is never crawled, it can never rank.

Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)

Cumulative Layout Shift measures how much the visible content on a page jumps around unexpectedly while it loads. It is the Core Web Vital for visual stability, and a high score means your visitors are tapping the wrong buttons because the layout moved under their thumb.

Duplicate Content

Duplicate content is the same or substantially similar content appearing at more than one URL. It rarely earns a penalty, but it splits ranking signals and forces Google to guess which version to show.

Dynamic Rendering

Dynamic rendering is a setup where your server detects whether a visitor is a search crawler or a human and serves a pre-rendered static version to the crawler while sending the normal JavaScript app to the human. It was a workaround for crawlers that struggled with JavaScript-heavy pages.

Hreflang

Hreflang is an HTML attribute that tells search engines which language and region a page is meant for, so they serve the right version to the right audience. It is how you stop your French page from outranking your English page for English searchers.

HTTP Status Code

An HTTP status code is the three-digit number a server returns with every page request, telling the browser and search crawlers what happened. It is the difference between a page that loads fine, redirects, is gone, or has crashed, and crawlers read it on every single request.

Indexing

Indexing is the stage where a search engine stores and organizes a crawled page in its database so it can be retrieved for relevant searches. A page must be indexed before it can rank.

Interaction to Next Paint (INP)

Interaction to Next Paint measures how quickly a page visually responds after a user taps, clicks, or types. It is the Core Web Vital for responsiveness, replacing the old First Input Delay metric with a far stricter, full-page measurement.

Keyword Cannibalization

Keyword cannibalization happens when multiple pages on your own site compete for the same search query. Instead of one strong page ranking well, you get several weaker pages undercutting each other.

Knowledge Graph

A knowledge graph is a structured network of real-world entities, people, places, brands, things, and the relationships between them. Google's Knowledge Graph powers knowledge panels and helps engines understand the world, which is why being an established entity matters for search and GEO.

Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)

Largest Contentful Paint measures how long it takes for the biggest visible element on a page, usually the hero image or main headline, to finish rendering. It is the Core Web Vital that answers the question every visitor asks: when does this thing actually load?

Meta Robots Tag

The meta robots tag is an HTML directive in the head of a page that tells search engine crawlers how to treat that specific page, whether to index it, follow its links, show a snippet, and more. It is your per-page control panel for crawler behavior.

Mobile Usability

Mobile usability is how easy your site is to use on a phone, covering readable text, tappable buttons, content that fits the screen, and fast loading on mobile connections. Since Google indexes the mobile version of your site first, it is a foundational ranking concern, not an afterthought.

Mobile-First Indexing

Mobile-first indexing means Google uses the mobile version of your page as the primary version it crawls, indexes, and ranks. The mobile page is the real page in Google's eyes, and the desktop version is the afterthought.

Noindex

Noindex is a directive that tells search engines to keep a specific page out of their index, so it never shows up in search results. The page can still be crawled and its links still followed, but it stays invisible to searchers.

Page Experience

Page experience is Google's umbrella term for a set of signals describing how it feels to use a page beyond its raw content. It bundles Core Web Vitals together with mobile-friendliness, HTTPS, and the absence of intrusive interstitials.

Redirect Chain

A redirect chain is when one URL redirects to another, which redirects to another, before finally landing on the destination page. Each extra hop slows the page, wastes crawl budget, and can leak ranking signals, so the goal is always a single direct redirect.

Rendering

Rendering is the step where a search engine runs a page's code, including JavaScript, to build the final version it sees, just like a browser does. What gets rendered is what gets indexed.

Robots.txt

Robots.txt is a plain text file at the root of your site that tells search engine crawlers which URLs they may or may not request. It controls crawling, not indexing.

Schema.org

Schema.org is a shared vocabulary of structured data tags that label what content on a page means. Adding schema markup helps search engines and AI engines understand your page explicitly, which can earn rich results and make your content easier to cite.

Server-Side Rendering (SSR)

Server-side rendering, or SSR, is when your server builds the full HTML of a page before sending it to the browser, so the content is complete on arrival. For SEO it means crawlers receive a fully formed page instead of an empty shell that depends on JavaScript.

Thin Content

Thin content is any page that offers little or no real value to the person who lands on it. It is not about word count alone; it is about a page that fails to satisfy the reason someone searched for it.

Time to First Byte (TTFB)

Time to First Byte measures how long it takes for the browser to receive the first byte of the response after requesting a page. It is the foundation of loading speed, because nothing else on the page can start until that first byte arrives.

XML Sitemap

An XML sitemap is a structured file that lists the URLs you want search engines to crawl and index, along with optional metadata about each one. It helps discovery but does not guarantee indexing.

GEO

16

AEO (Answer Engine Optimization)

AEO is the practice of structuring your content to win direct-answer placements, the featured snippets, voice results, and AI answer boxes that respond to a question without making the user click. It is GEO's close cousin, focused specifically on the answer slot.

AI Overviews

AI Overviews are Google's AI-generated answer summaries that appear at the top of search results, pulling from multiple sources to write a direct response. Getting cited inside one means your link sits at the very top of the page, above the traditional blue links.

Brand Mention

A brand mention is any reference to your brand by name, with or without a link. In the AI era, unlinked mentions across the web help engines learn that your brand exists and is associated with a topic, which feeds whether you get recommended.

Citation Share

Citation share is the percentage of AI-generated answers about your topic that name or quote your site as a source. It is the GEO equivalent of share of voice, and it is becoming the key metric for measuring how visible you actually are inside AI engines.

Embedding

An embedding is a list of numbers that represents the meaning of a piece of text. AI engines convert your words into embeddings so they can compare meaning mathematically, which is how they match a question to the most relevant content.

Generative Engine

A generative engine is an AI system that reads a question and writes an original answer instead of returning a list of links. Tools like ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini, and Google's AI Overviews are generative engines, and they have become a new place your brand can win or lose.

GEO (Generative Engine Optimization)

GEO is the practice of optimizing your content so that AI engines like ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, and Google AI Overviews quote, cite, and recommend it. Think of it as SEO for answers instead of links.

Grounding

Grounding is when an AI engine bases its answer on real, retrieved sources instead of generating from memory alone. A grounded answer cites the documents it relied on, which is how your content earns a citation and the engine reduces hallucinations.

Hallucination

A hallucination is when an AI model states something false or invented with full confidence, presenting made-up facts, fake citations, or wrong details as if they were true. For GEO, hallucinations are both a risk to your reputation and an opportunity to become the trusted source models lean on.

LLM (Large Language Model)

An LLM is a large language model, the AI system trained on enormous amounts of text to predict and generate language. ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, and the engine behind Google AI Overviews are all built on LLMs, and understanding how they work tells you how to get cited by them.

llms.txt

llms.txt is a proposed plain-text file you place at the root of your site to give AI models a clean, curated map of your most important content, written in a format that is easy for them to read. Think of it as a robots.txt designed for the era of large language models.

Prompt

A prompt is the text a user types into an AI engine to get a response. In a generative engine, the prompt is the equivalent of a search query, and learning how people phrase prompts is the new keyword research.

RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)

RAG, retrieval-augmented generation, is the technique where an AI model fetches relevant documents in real time and uses them to write its answer, instead of relying only on training memory. It is the mechanism that lets ChatGPT, Perplexity, and AI Overviews cite live web pages, which makes it the heart of GEO.

Share of Voice

Share of voice is the proportion of relevant conversations in which your brand appears compared to competitors. In a GEO context, it measures how often AI engines mention or cite you across the prompts that matter to your business.

Vector Search

Vector search is a way of finding information by meaning rather than by matching exact words. It compares the numerical embedding of a query against the embeddings of stored content to surface the closest matches, and it powers how AI engines retrieve sources.

Zero-Click Search

A zero-click search is one where the user gets their answer directly on the results page or in an AI engine and never clicks through to a website. It is rising fast with AI Overviews and chat answers, reshaping how brands earn value from search.